Get 10 Effective Classroom Management Techniques Every Faculty Member Should Know
This Faculty Focus special report features 10 proven approaches to classroom management from those on the front lines who’ve met the challenges head-on and developed creative responses that work with today’s students. The report will teach you practical ways to create favorable conditions for learning, including how to:- Get the semester off on the right foot
- Prevent cheating
- Incorporate classroom management principles into the syllabus
- Handle students who participate too much
- Establish relationships with students
- Use a contract to help get students to accept responsibility
- Employ humor to create conditions conducive to learning
Get 10 Effective Classroom Management Techniques Every Faculty Member Should Know
This Faculty Focus special report features 10 proven approaches to classroom management from those on the front lines who’ve met the challenges head-on and developed creative responses that work with today’s students. The report will teach you practical ways to create favorable conditions for learning, including how to:- Get the semester off on the right foot
- Prevent cheating
- Incorporate classroom management principles into the syllabus
- Handle students who participate too much
- Establish relationships with students
- Use a contract to help get students to accept responsibility
- Employ humor to create conditions conducive to learning
Get 10 Effective Classroom Management Techniques Every Faculty Member Should Know
This Faculty Focus special report features 10 proven approaches to classroom management from those on the front lines who’ve met the challenges head-on and developed creative responses that work with today’s students. The report will teach you practical ways to create favorable conditions for learning, including how to:- Get the semester off on the right foot
- Prevent cheating
- Incorporate classroom management principles into the syllabus
- Handle students who participate too much
- Establish relationships with students
- Use a contract to help get students to accept responsibility
- Employ humor to create conditions conducive to learning
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10 Effective Classroom Management Techniques Every Faculty Member
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Get 10 Effective
the semes
Get 10 Effective Classroom Management Techniques Every
Faculty Member Should Know
There are 10
proven approaches to classroom management from those on the front lines who’ve
met the challenges head-on and developed creative responses that work with
today’s students. This will teach you practical ways to create favorable
conditions for learning, including how to:
- Get the semester off on the right foot
- Prevent cheating
- Incorporate classroom management principles into the syllabus
- Handle students who participate too much
- Establish relationships with
students
- Use a contract to help get students to accept responsibility
- Employ humor to create conditions conducive to learning
the semes
Report:http://orgs.bloomu.edu/tale/documents/FacFocus_ClassroomManagement.pdf
Supporting video link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XUTdaQIdKI
Get 10 Effective Classroom Management Techniques Every Faculty Member Should Know
This Faculty Focus special report features 10 proven approaches to classroom management from those on the front lines who’ve met the challenges head-on and developed creative responses that work with today’s students. The report will teach you practical ways to create favorable conditions for learning, including how to:- Get the semester off on the right foot
- Prevent cheating
- Incorporate classroom management principles into the syllabus
- Handle students who participate too much
- Establish relationships with students
- Use a contract to help get students to accept responsibility
- Employ humor to create conditions conducive to learning
To study about the survey researches Please click on here
.uic.edu/classes/socw/socw560/SURVEY/sld008.htm
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Fluctuation of the sub solar (SSP) point on seasonal basis.
The subsolar point on a planet is where its sun is perceived to be directly overhead (in zenith). For planets with an orientation and rotation similar to the Earth's, the sub solar point will move westward, circling the globe once a day, but it will also move north and south between the tropics over the course of a year. Potentially any point in the tropics could be sub solar. The December (southern summer) solstice occurs when the sub solar point is over the tropic of Capricorn and the June (northern summer) solstice is at the instant when the sub solar point is over the tropic of cancer.
The sub solar point on a body in the solar system is where the sun's rays are hitting it exactly perpendicular to its surface; or on an object in space, the point that is closest to the sun
Earth revolves around the sun in 365.25 days. It follows an elliptical path around the sun. At the same time earth is inclined 23.5o from its actual axis. The overhead position i.e. subs solar point on the earth planet changes continuously with the revolving and rotational motion of these causing seasonal changes. When it’s summer in one hemisphere, its winter in the other. When it’s spring in one hemisphere, its autumn (fall) in the other. Seasons are not the same everywhere. But for people around the world, the changing seasons help mark the passing of the year.
The sub solar point remains on the equator on March 21st. The spring occurs during this. This position is known as vernal equinox.
This position the sub solar point then moves northern side with the rotation of the earth. This change occurs from March 21st to June 21st. It gets more direct sunlight for more time each day than does the Southern Hemisphere. This makes the days longer in the north. The air and the oceans warm in the sunlight, and the temperature goes up. These are the months of spring and summer.
The sub solar point remains on Tropic of Cancer on June 21st. The angle from equator to tropic of cancer on this day is 23.5o N. Northern summer occur during this.
Then the sub solar point moves towards the south from the Tropic Cancer. Finally sub solar point on equator again on September 22nd. Autumn occur during this. Two times each year, day and night are the same length all over the world. These days are called the equinoxes. The equinoxes mark the beginnings of spring and fall. They occur on or about March 21 and September 23.Due to sun rises directly overhead to the equator durations of day and nights are equal on March 21st and September 22nd.
Continuing earth’s rotational motion around the sun from northern autumn equinox i.e. from September 22nd to December 22nd, the winter begins. Sun rises over tropic of Cancer on December 22nd. The angle from equator to the tropic of Cancer is 23.5oS on this day.
There are two solstices every year, one in June and one in December. On about June 21st, the North Pole is tilted farther toward the Sun than it is at any other time of the year and the South Pole is tilted farther away from the Sun. The June solstice is the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The Northern Hemisphere gets more sunlight on the June solstice than on any other day of the year. On the same day, it’s the beginning of winter and the shortest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere.
On about December 22nd, the positions of the North and South poles are reversed. The December solstice marks the beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere. That’s why Australians can celebrate Christmas sunbathing on the beach! The same day marks the start of winter in the north.
Then the sub solar point moves towards north. The sub solar point again occurs on equator on next March 21st. Changing in positions of the sub solar cause changes in the spring, summer, Autumn and Winter throughout the year. As well as the climatic changes too occur due to this.
If earth wasn’t tilted and sub solar point wasn’t changed, the sunlight would be the same all year round. The Sun would rise and set at the same time each day. There would be no seasons.
M.A.M. Unais
Global Energy Budget
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Composition of the earth’s atmosphere & contribution of each gas component to the Global Energy Budget
Earth has three major components, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere. Atmosphere plays an important role in maintaining the earth’s temperature. This contributes in the Global energy budget. Having knowledge about the earth’s atmosphere is very important to understand this.
Atmosphere extends up to thousand kilometers. Mass of the atmosphere is 56000 Giga Tons. It is composed of many gases, aerosols and salts. There are varieties of gases present in the atmosphere. The table below illustrates the average gaseous composition of dry air below 25km. Although traces of atmospheric gases have been detected well out into space, 99% of the mass of the atmosphere lies below about 25 to 30km altitude, whilst 50% is concentrated in the lowest 5km.
Table: Average composition of the atmosphere below 25km
Component Chemical Abbreviation Volume%(dry air)
Nitrogen N2 78.08
Oxygen O2 20.98
Argon Ar 0.93
Carbon dioxide CO2 0.035
Neon Ne 0.0018
Helium He 0.0005
Hydrogen H2 0.00006
Krypton Kr 0.0011
Xenon Xe 0.00009
Methane CH4 0.0017
Ozone O3 0.00006
There are variable constituents too, such as Water vapour, Nitrogen oxide, Hydrogen sulphide and Nitric acid vapour. Despite their relative scarcity, the so-called greenhouse gases play an important role in the regulation of the atmosphere's energy budget. Clouds/ water vapour/ aerosols, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Oxides of Nitrogen, Ozone and Chloro floro carbon are very good absorbers of heat radiation.
The Earth, however, does have an atmosphere and this affects its energy balance. The average global temperature is, in fact, 288K or 15°C, 33K warmer than the effective radiation temperature. If Earth had no atmosphere, the globally averaged surface temperature would be -18oC. Because our planet Earth does have an atmosphere, the average surface temperature actually is 15o Celsius.
Absorption of energy by a particular gas occurs when the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation is similar to that of the molecular vibration frequency of the gas in question. Considering Stefan’s law, anything more than zero Kelvin Radiates energy. So both the Sun and the earth radiate energy. The relationship between the energy (E) and the temperature (T) can be shown with the following equation,
E α T4
Earth is a cool body with compared to the sun which is at 6000 oC. So, the earth gets more energy than it looses. If we consider the radiating energy of the sun as F, and radiating energy as F’, the ratio between these two objects can be shown as follows,
According to Wien’s formula the relationship can be given as, λ=f(T).
This shows hotter the object shorter the wave length. Due to the sun is hot object, it emits short wave radiation. But earth’s radiation is long wave radiation. The atmosphere is mostly transparent (little absorption) in the visible part of the spectrum, but significant absorption of ultraviolet radiation (incoming short-wave solar radiation) by ozone, and infrared radiation (long-wave outgoing terrestrial radiation) by water vapour, carbon dioxide and other trace gases occurs.
The absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation is particularly important to the energy budget of the Earth's atmosphere. Such absorption by the trace gases heats the atmosphere, stimulating it to emit more long-wave radiation. Some of this is released into space (generally at higher, colder levels in the atmosphere) whilst most is re-radiated back to Earth. The net effect of this is that the Earth stores more energy near its surface than it would if there was no atmosphere, consequently the temperature is higher by about 33K.
This process is popularly known as the greenhouse effect. Glass in a greenhouse is transparent to solar radiation, but opaque to terrestrial infrared radiation. The glass acts like some of the atmospheric gases and absorbs the outgoing energy. Much of this energy is then re-emitted back into the greenhouse causing the temperature inside to rise. As well as absorbing solar and terrestrial radiation, gases in the atmosphere, along with aerosols also scatter radiation. Of principal importance is the scattering of the incoming solar radiation, because this, too, can alter the overall energy budget of the atmosphere. Of the terrestrial (long-wave) radiation re-emitted from the Earth's surface, most is re-absorbed by the greenhouse gases and only a little escapes directly through the atmospheric window. Long-wave radiation re-emitted from the atmosphere (greenhouse gases, clouds) is either returned to the Earth's surface or released into space. The net result of this greenhouse effect is to increase the amount of energy stored near the Earth's surface, with a consequent increase in temperature.
The gases in the atmosphere which absorb the outgoing infra-red radiation are known as greenhouse gases and include carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone. All the gases have molecules whose vibration frequency lies in the infrared part of the spectrum. Despite the considerable absorption by these greenhouse gases, there is an atmospheric window through which terrestrial infrared radiation can pass. This occurs at about 8 to 13 microns, and its gradual closing is one of the effects of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), the most important of these minor gases, is involved in a complex global cycle. Currently, there are 359 parts per million by volume (ppmv) of CO2 in the atmosphere, a concentration which is continuing to rise due to anthropogenic emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and forests. This increases the thermal content at the atmosphere.
Methane concentration in the atmosphere is increasing due to anthropogenic activities such as agricultural practices and landfills which leads to increase the earth’s temperature.
Water vapour, being the most important natural greenhouse gas on account of its abundance, plays a crucial role in the regulation of the atmosphere's energy budget.
CFCs are destroyed slowly by photochemical reactions in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). CFCs were absent from the atmosphere before the 1930s, but over the last half century, their concentrations have steadily increased. Although their concentrations are measured in parts per trillion (by volume), they are seen as a significant threat to future global warming.
O3 is formed during a photochemical reaction involving solar ultra-violet radiation, an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom,
O2 + O + M O3 + M
Where M represents the energy and momentum balance provided by collision with a third atom or molecule, for example oxides of nitrogen.
Aerosols are solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air, and include dust, soot, sea salt crystals, spores, bacteria, viruses and a plethora of other microscopic particles. Collectively, they are often regarded as air pollution, aerosols can influence the global thermal capacity.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is produced by both biological mechanisms in the oceans and soils, and by anthropogenic means including industrial combustion, vehicle exhausts, biomass burning and the use of chemical fertilizers. This too can capture the heat radiation in the atmosphere.
Most of the gaseous constituents are well mixed throughout the atmosphere. However, the atmosphere itself is not physically uniform but has significant variations in temperature and pressure with vertical height. There are layers in the atmosphere. The lowest layer, often referred to as the lower atmosphere, is called the troposphere. It ranges in thickness from 8km at the poles to 16km over the equator, mainly as the result of the different energy budgets at these locations. Although variations do occur, the average decline in temperature with altitude (known as the lapse rate) is approximately 6.5°C per kilometre. The troposphere contains up to 75% of the gaseous mass of the atmosphere, as well as nearly all of the water vapour and aerosols, whilst 99% of the mass of the atmosphere lies within the lowest 30km.
Owing to the temperature structure of the troposphere, it is in this region of the atmosphere where most of the world's weather systems develop. These are partly driven by convective processes that are established as warm surface air (heated by the Earth's surface) expands and rises before it is cooled at higher levels in the troposphere.
The tropopause marks the upper limit of the troposphere, above which temperatures remain constant before starting to rise again above about 20km. This temperature inversion prevents further convection of air, thus confining most of the world's weather to the troposphere.
The layer above the tropopause in which temperatures start to rise is known as the stratosphere. Throughout this layer, temperatures continue to rise to about an altitude of 50km, where the rarefied air may attain temperatures close to 0°C. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer. Such a temperature profile creates very stable conditions, and the stratosphere lacks the turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere.
The stratosphere is capped by the stratopause, another temperature inversion occurring at about 50km. Above this lies the mesosphere up to about 80km through which temperatures fall again to almost -100°C. Above 80km temperatures rise continually (the thermosphere) to well beyond 1000°C, although owing to the highly rarefied nature of the atmosphere at these heights, such values are not comparable to those of the troposphere or stratosphere
Energy arriving at the top of the atmosphere starts an energy cascade involving numerous energy transformations. On entering the atmosphere, some of the solar (short-wave) radiation is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere (eg. ozone), some is scattered, some is absorbed by the Earth's surface and some is reflected directly back into space by either clouds or the surface itself.
The heat budget is like so, given that the earth receives 100% incoming solar radiation:
- 47% is absorbed by the earths surface and changed into heat energy
- 24% is reflected back into space by clouds (clouds reflect heat well)
- 14% is absorbed by particles in the atmosphere (such as carbon dioxide molecules)
- 6% is reflected back into space by particles in the atmosphere
- 6% is reflected back into space by the earths surface
- 3% is absorbed by clouds.
M.A.M. Unais
